MUSIC MAKING Relives Stress
Increasing numbers of individuals and organizations are discovering the benefits shared music making can have on stress and metal well being. Recent research shows significant and sustained improvements in depression, anxiety and mental well being - depression and anxiety are key components in what we call stress. Living With Harmony group music session are a fun way not only to relax stress but also to improve relationships and collaboration and co operation.
What is Stress?
Stress is one of the most frequent reasons cited by employees for sickness absence; this has consequences for both the individual and the employer.
Stress affects people differently and the causes of stress vary also. Stress in itself is not an illness, but if it is excessive and prolonged, it can lead to mental and physical ill health, anxiety and depression. Research links stress to heart disease, back pain, headaches, gastrointestinal disturbances and alcohol and drug dependency. Recent research shows that this 'adverse reaction' can seriously undermine the quality of people's working lives and, in turn, the effectiveness of the workplace. Stress is generally a term used to describe an unpleasant feeling of fatigue, being under too much pressure and being unable to cope.
The HSE defines stress as follows.
“The reaction people have to excessive demands or pressures, arising when people try to cope with tasks, responsibilities or other types of pressure connected with their jobs, but find difficulty, strain or worry in doing so.”
Group Music Making
Reducing stress through group music making is both simple and effective. Living With Harmony offers individuals the chance to join us via our YouTube channel-
We also offer group sessions at your work place or for families at your home. Enjoying shared music making is a great way to bond with others and improve health and well being at the same time. We have a range of generous, high quality and accessible musical instruments to play as well as experience and skill to facilitate engagement. Book a group session at your work place or book a complimentary session and begin to feel the benefits of the power of music therapy.
Tuning the Heart with Music
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; 2015, Vol. 108(11) 462–464
Subothini Selvendran, Nikhil Aggarwal and Vassilios Vassiliou
Along with ice cream, chocolate and romantic comedies, music has often been used as a traditional remedy for a broken heart but could there be any truth behind this? Music and medicine were once two arts that performed in unison. In ancient Greece, Apollo is the God of both music and medicine, in Chinese the character for medicine includes the character for music and in the Old Testament young David is said to have played the Lyre for King Saul as a method of healing and by doing so, is frequently considered the first music therapist. Though, as technology advanced and our knowledge expanded, scientific approaches such as causality and evidence-based practice dominated gradually breaking the connection of medicine and music in Western medicine.
However, recently, researchers have turned their attention to the effects of music on the cardiovascular system, and the results illustrating the strength of their connection and its validity as a form of treatment are surprising. A single beat of a heart (‘lub dub’) can be translated into musical terminology as a duple with a dotted rhythm. A study has shown that this innate cardiovascular rhythm can be synchronised with specific external rhythms found in music, such as the phrase of six cycles per minute seen in well-known arias by Verdi. The observed synchronisation between the music and cardiovascular system occurred independently of any respiratory modulation and suggests that music therapists could directly synchronise the cardiovascular beat with music. There is no concrete scientific explanation for this,though by mere speculation it is thought that there is more of a neural rather than humoral component to this mechanism due to the fast response of the cardiovascular system to the music. Perhaps Verdi had an inkling that this was possible as a lyric to one aria composed by him is: ‘. . . delight to the heart’.
Moreover, in cardiology wards, patients can sometimes feel a decreased sense of control over their body coupled with the unfamiliar sounds of machines it can lead to anxiety and unsurprisingly, this is often the case with those undergoing cardiac surgery. An increased level of anxiety is not to be taken lightly as it can have negative physiological effects on the heart and can lead to a greater risk of complications.
Elevated cortisol and adrenaline in the bloodstream caused by anxiety can increase heart rate, blood pressure and the release of fatty acids into the blood-stream, all of which decrease the prognosis of cardiac patients. Music therapy is a possible solution for this. A study used the physiological markers of blood pressure and respiratory rate to demonstrate that listening to music decreased levels of anxiety in patients and was in fact a more effective method of anxiety reduction compared to uninterrupted rest periods. Despite the fact that listening to music seems to be a simple and inexpensive method of possibly increasing patient prognosis, it is rarely used.
A theory regarding this anxiety-reducing effect of music is that music can assist in focusing the patient’s attention away from perhaps the uncomfortable hospital surroundings to an aesthetic experience that provides comfort. Additionally, it is believed that music’s anxiolytic effect is achieved through its suppressive action of the sympathetic nervous system,leading to decreased adrenergic activity. However, evidence for the physiological mechanisms of musical therapy are still in their early stages and are only now beginning to emerge.
Furthermore, Zengin et al. looked at port catheter placement procedures and found that music therapy could reduce the patient’s perception of pain.Invasive medical procedures are known to have a negative impact on patients, causing emotional distress and anxiety, which may result in more pain and discomfort. Often an array of sedative drugs is used to decrease the patient’s perception of pain but frequently these drugs can exhibit side effects. Zengin et al. found that patients who listened to music reported lower levels of pain. A possible scientific explanation for this is that music provides competing stimuli for the impulses relating to pain; therefore, less pain is processed by the brain via the spinal cord. However, there is some controversy over whether music therapy has any effect on the perception of pain. It is not surprising that there are contradictory results surrounding music therapy. There are a huge amount of variables with regard to music: genre, amplitude, beat and lyrics to name a few. Each music clip could cause the patient to react in a different way, causing inconsistencies between different studies. Additionally, a study has shown that patients who play a musical instrument demonstrate higher cardiovascular modulation induced by music. This may have altered study results if not taken into consideration. Finally, music is not a single event, but is an ongoing stimulus that changes in real time and over time, resulting in corresponding changes in the response of the person experiencing it. Therefore, the impact of listening to one piece of music is contingent on more variables than could possibly be controlled in a scientific experiment adding to variability in results.
Looking at music therapy from a broader perspective, evidence suggests that music therapy can also reduce recovery time in other diseases. In stroke patients, it was found that after a two-month intervention period, patients who listened to their favourite music for 1–2 h a day showed greater improvement in focused attention and verbal memory than patients who listened to audio books or received no listening material. Patients were also less depressed and confused. The speculated mechanism behind this is that listening to pleasant music activates an interconnecting network of subcortical and cortical regions; this includes the ventral tegmental area. The ventral tegmental area produces dopamine and has direct projections to the nucleus accumbens. This connection is associated with the suppression of adverse stimuli and pain, which could lead to the beneficial effect of patients feeling less depressed. In other areas of medicine, patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have shown less dyspnoea on exertion when listening to music as the auditory stimuli provide distraction from their fatigue and shortness of breath and in
Parkinson’s disease, music therapy has proved to improve rhythmic limb movement, gait and freezing.
However, aiming for optimal cardiac benefits,make no mistake – music therapy does not claim to clear blocked arteries or prevent heart attacks; its aim is to be used alongside conventional cardiac interventions to help treat and reduce recovery times. As opposed to modern day medicines, music therapy has no known side effects and therefore, any benefit derived from its use is advantageous. Research into its beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system is only just beginning to emerge and perhaps in the near future, young David’s method of healing could work alongside 21st century conventional treatments to alter aspects of current clinical practice. Until then, encouraging our patients (and staff) to enjoy music both inside and outside the hospital seems to be a good first step.
Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine; 2015, Vol. 108(11) 462–464
DOI: 10.1177/0141076815600906
Subothini Selvendran, Nikhil Aggarwal and Vassilios Vassiliou
Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
Royal Brompton Hospital, Sydney Street, London, SW3 6NP, UK
Corresponding author: Vassilios Vassiliou. Email: v.vassiliou@rbht.nhs.uk
Downloaded from jrs.sagepub.com at The Royal Society of Medicine Library on November 30, 2015.
The Royal Society of Medicine 2015
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Downloaded from jrs.sagepub.com at The Royal Society of Medicine Library on November 30, 2015Selvendran et al.
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